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03-Please Send Me a Card

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本文出现的语法知识

1. and、but的使用

文中句子:

  • I visited museums and sat in public gardens.
  • I read a few lines,but I did not understand a word.
  • My holidays passed quickly,but I did not send cards to my friends.
  • I spent the whole day in my room,but I did not write a single card!

连词 andbut 都用于连接句子或词组,但它们的作用不同:

1. And(和、而且)

and用于 连接相似的内容,表示并列、递进或结果

  • 连接两个名词
    • I like coffee and tea.(我喜欢咖啡和茶。)
  • 连接两个动词
    • She sings and dances well.(她唱歌跳舞都很棒。)
  • 连接两个形容词
    • The weather is warm and sunny.(天气温暖而晴朗。)
  • 连接两个句子
    • He studied hard, and he passed the exam.(他努力学习,因此通过了考试。)

2. But(但是、然而)

but用于连接相反或对立的内容,表示转折

  • 连接两个名词
    • He likes coffee but not tea.(他喜欢咖啡,但不喜欢茶。)
  • 连接两个动词
    • She tried but failed.(她努力了,但失败了。)
  • 连接两个形容词
    • The room is small but comfortable.(房间很小,但很舒适。)
  • 连接两个句子
    • He wanted to go out, but it was raining.(他想出去,但正在下雨。)

3. 什么时候使用逗号

"and" 和 "but" 什么时候用逗号,主要取决于它们在句子中的作用。如果 连接两个独立主句,前面要加逗号;如果只是连接词或短语,不需要逗号。

1. 连接两个独立句子(需要逗号)

"and" 或 "but" 连接两个完整的主句(都有主语+谓语) 时,前面要加逗号。

正确示例:

  • I was tired, but I continued working.(我累了,但我继续工作。)
  • She wanted to go out, and he agreed.(她想出去,他也同意了。)
  • It was raining, so we stayed inside.(在下雨,所以我们待在里面。)

📌 解释
I was tired, but I continued working这两个部分都能独立成句("I was tired." 和 "I continued working."),所以 "but" 之前需要逗号

错误示例(缺逗号):

  • I was tired but I continued working. ❌(少了逗号)

2. 连接短语或单词(不需要逗号)

如果 "and" 或 "but" 只是连接两个词或短语(而不是完整句子),不需要逗号。

正确示例:

  • I like apples and oranges.(我喜欢苹果和橙子。)
  • She is smart but shy.(她很聪明但害羞。)
  • He ran to the store and bought some milk.(他跑去商店买了些牛奶。)

错误示例(不该加逗号):

  • She is smart, but shy. ❌("but" 后面只是 "shy" 这个形容词,不是完整句子,所以不需要逗号。)

3. "And" 连接句子中三个及以上的部分(列举,是否加逗号取决于风格)

在列举多个项时,"and" 前面的逗号(牛津逗号)是可选的。

推荐使用牛津逗号(避免歧义): (牛津逗号也叫序列逗号,是指在列举三个或以上的事物时,"and" 或 "or" 之前的逗号。)

  • I bought apples, oranges, and bananas.(我买了苹果、橙子和香蕉。)

省略牛津逗号(也正确,但可能有歧义):

  • I bought apples, oranges and bananas.

4. "And" 和 "but" 句首的情况

在正式写作中,尽量避免用 "and" 或 "but" 开头。但在非正式写作中,这种用法是可以接受的。

示例(非正式写作可用):

  • She wanted to go out. But it was raining.(她想出去。但正在下雨。)
  • He studied hard. And he passed the test.(他努力学习。而且他通过了考试。)

📌 如果在正式写作中用 "and" 或 "but" 开头,可以加逗号以使句子更清晰:

  • But, despite the rain, we still went outside.
  • And, to my surprise, she agreed.

但是,在正式写作(学术论文等)中,建议使用 "However," 或 "Additionally," 代替。


2. a few 和 few 的区别

fewa few 都表示“少量”,但它们的含义和语气有所不同。

表达含义语气示例
few + 可数名词复数几乎没有,数量很少,不足够否定I have few friends in this city. (在这座城市,我几乎没有朋友。)
a few + 可数名词复数一些,数量虽少但仍然有肯定I have a few friends in this city. (在这座城市,我有一些朋友。)

1. few = 很少,几乎没有(带否定意味)

  • 强调数量少到几乎 不够用,带有否定或遗憾的语气。
  • 可以和 very 搭配(very few)来强调“极少”。

例句

  • There are few seats available in the restaurant. (餐厅里几乎没有空位了。)
  • She has very few close friends. (她几乎没有亲密的朋友。)

不能用 few 表达“有一些”

  • I have few books to read. (❌ 这个句子强调“几乎没书可读”,而不是“有几本书”)

2. a few = 一些(带肯定意味)

  • 强调“虽然不多,但有一些,够用”。
  • 语气更积极,可用来表达某种满足感。

例句

  • I have a few books to read. (我有几本书可以读。)
  • She made a few mistakes in the test. (她在考试中犯了一些错误。)

比较例句

  1. There are few people in the park today. (今天公园里几乎没人,显得冷清。)
  2. There are a few people in the park today. (今天公园里有一些人,还是挺热闹的。)

常见搭配

表达例句
few + 可数名词复数Few students understood the question. (几乎没有学生理解这个问题。)
a few + 可数名词复数A few students understood the question. (有一些学生理解了这个问题。)
very fewVery few people know the truth. (极少数人知道真相。)
only a fewOnly a few tickets are left. (只剩下几张票了。)

⚠️注意

few 和 a few 都不适用于不可数名词(如水、面粉、钱等)。当需要表示不可数名词的“少量”时,应该使用 little 或 a little。

  • I have little water left. (我剩下的水很少。)
  • I have a little water left. (我剩下了一些水。)

3. few / a few / little / a little

表达修饰对象含义语气示例
few可数名词复数几乎没有,数量很少否定(强调不足)There are few apples left. (剩下的苹果很少。)
a few可数名词复数一些,数量虽少但有肯定(强调有一些)I have a few friends. (我有一些朋友。)
little不可数名词几乎没有,数量很少否定(强调不足)I have little time. (我几乎没有时间。)
a little不可数名词一些,数量虽少但有肯定(强调有一些)I have a little money. (我有一些钱。)

总结

  • fewa few 用于修饰可数名词复数
  • littlea little 用于修饰不可数名词
  • 记忆:没有a 的表示消极的几乎没有的,有 a 的表示有一些有一点,表示肯定点的